Abstract
New bioengineering techniques provide noninvasive opportunities to evaluate clinically
the application of various products on the skin. The skin barrier function and its
integrity can be studied by transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum water content,
transcutaneous flux of carbon dioxide and oxygen, and transepidermal movement of ions,
particularly chloride, potassium, and hydrogen ions. The benefits of noninvasive techniques
are due not only to their lack of skin barrier destruction but also to their potential
for early detection of any subclinical effects not detected by the naked eyes.
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