Abstract
A major function of the skin is to provide a barrier to the movement of water and
electrolytes, which is required for life in a terrestrial environment. This permeability
barrier is localized to the stratum corneum and is mediated by extracellular lipid-enriched
lamellar membranes, which are delivered to the extracellular spaces by the secretion
of lamellar bodies by stratum granulosum cells. A large number of factors have been
shown to regulate the formation of this permeability barrier. Specifically, lamellar
body secretion and permeability barrier formation are accelerated by decreases in
the calcium content in the stratum granulosum layer of the epidermis. In addition,
increased expression of cytokines and growth factors and the activation of nuclear
hormone receptors (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, liver X receptors,
vitamin D receptor) accelerate permeability barrier formation. In contrast, nitric
oxide, protease-activated receptor 2 activation, glucocorticoids, and testosterone
inhibit permeability barrier formation. The ability of a variety of factors to regulate
permeability barrier formation allows for a more precise and nuanced regulation.
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