Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic or chronically relapsing, inflammatory
dermatosis that often presents in early childhood and may continue on into later life.
1
Usually occurring in a personal or family setting of atopy,
2
it is considered an immune–mediated condition with a predominance of CD4+LT2 helper lymphocytes,
3
hyperstimulatory high-affinity IgE receptor (FceRI)–expressing Langerhans cells,
4
,
5
macrophages, and inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells,
6
as well as effector cells such as eosinophils
7
and mast cells.
8
In addition, patients with AD have abnormal skin barrier function
9
and epidermal lipid abnormalities.
10
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Clinics in DermatologyAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Atopic dermatitis.Lancet. 1998; 351: 1715-1721
- On the classification of the phenomenon of hypersensitiveness.J Immunol. 1923; 8: 163-182
- Characterization of the mononuclear cell infiltrate in atopic dermatitis using monoclonal antibodies.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1983; 71: 47-56
- Hyperstimulatory CD1a+CD1b+CD36+ Langerhans cells are responsible for increased autologous T lymphocyte reactivity to lesional epidermal cells of patients with atopic dermatitis.J Immunol. 1991; 147: 3794-3802
- Induction of Fc epsilon R2/CD23 on human epidermal Langerhans cells by human recombinant interleukin 4 and gamma interferon.J Exp Med. 1989; 170: 309-314
- Immunomorphological and ultrastructural characterization of Langerhans cells and a novel, inflammatory dendritic epidermal cell (IDEC) population in lesional skin of atopic eczema.J Invest Dermatol. 1996; 106: 446-453
- Dermal deposition of eosinophil-granule major basic protein in atopic dermatitis.N Engl J Med. 1985; 313: 282-285
- Mast cells and atopic dermatitis.Arch Dermatol Res. 1997; 289: 256-260
- Transepidermal water loss in dry and clinically normal skin in patients with atopic dermatitis.Acta Derm Venereol. 1985; 65: 102-105
- High-expression of sphingomyelin deacylase is an important determinant of ceramide deficiency leading to barrier disruption in atopic dermatitis.J Invest Dermatol. 2000; 115: 406-413
- Biphasic response against aeroallergen in atopic dermatitis showing a switch from an initial TH2 response to a TH1 response in situ.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996; 97: 828-837
- T cells in atopic dermatitis.J Am Acad Derm. 2001; 45: 510-513
- Autoantibodies in atopic dermatitis.J Dermatol Sci. 2001; 25: 171-178
- Autoallergy.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 105: 432-437
- Molecular characterization of an autoallergen, Hom s 1, identified by serum IgE from atopic dermatitis patients.J Invest Dermatol. 1998; 111: 1178-1183
- Atopy.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999; 104: 1128-1130
- Cytokine network and dysregulated apoptosis in atopic dermatitis.Acta Odontol Scand. 2001; 59: 178-182
- No eczema without keratinocyte death.J Clin Invest. 2000; 106: 9-10
- Adverse effects from topical steroids.Cutis. 1978; 21: 624-628
- Ocular complications of topical, peri-ocular, and systemic corticosteroids.Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2000; 11: 478-483
- Cataracts, glaucoma, and femoral avascular necrosis caused by topical corticosteroid ointment.Lancet. 1995; 345: 330
- Efficacy versus systemic effects of six topical steroids in the treatment of atopic dermatitis of childhood.Pediatr Dermatol. 1984; 1: 246-253
- Cushing’s syndrome after topical application of corticosteroids.Am J Dis Child. 1982; 136: 274-275
- Successful treatment of resistant facial lesions of atopic dermatitis with 0.1% FK506 ointment.Br J Dermatol. 1995; 133: 494-496
- Phototherapy for atopic dermatitis.Dermatol Ther. 1996; 1: 24-31
- Treatment of immune-mediated skin diseases.Eur J Dermatol. 2001; 11: 343-347
- Leflunomide and Methotrexate.Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2001; 13: 159-163
- Mycophenolate mofetil in autoimmune and inflammatory skin disorders.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999; 40: 265-268
- Cyclosporin ointment for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.Lancet. 1992; 339: 1120
- Pimecrolimus.Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2002; 3: 720-724
- Topical tacrolimus (FK 506).J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998; 102: 555-557
- Tacrolimus.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001; 107: 445-448
- The immunosuppressant FK-506 specifically inhibits mitogen-induced activation of the interleukin-2 promoter and the isolated enhancer elements NFIL-2A and NF-AT1.Mol Cell Biol. 1991; 11: 4074-4087
- The immunosuppressant FK506 selectively inhibits expression of early T cell activation genes.J Immunol. 1989; 143: 718-726
- Pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981).Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2001; 20: 233-241
- FK 506 in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.Immunol Today. 1996; 17: 106-108
- Pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981) in contrast to cyclosporin A and tacrolimus, is highly effective in animal models of skin inflammation but has only low activity in models indicating immunosuppressive potential.Pediatr Dermatol. 2001; 18: 76
- Effects of cyclosporin A and FK506 on Fc epsilon receptor type I-initiated increases in cytokine mRNA in mouse bone marrow-derived progenitor mast cells.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992; 89: 8542-8546
- Topical tacrolimus (FK506) leads to profound phenotypic and functional alterations of epidermal antigen-presenting dendritic cells in atopic dermatitis.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001; 107: 519-525
- Fc epsilon RI-expressing antigen-presenting cells.Immunol Today. 1997; 18: 311-313
- Phenotyping of epidermal dendritic cells.Cytometry. 1999; 37: 147-155
- Lesional expression of interferon-gamma in atopic eczema.Lancet. 1994; 343: 25-26
- A novel anti-inflammatory drug, SDZ ASM 981, for the treatment of skin diseases.Br J Dermatol. 1999; 141: 264-273
- Ascomycins.Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2000; 9: 69-77
- High frequency of IL-4-producing CD4+ allergen-specific T lymphocytes in atopic dermatitis lesional skin.J Invest Dermatol. 1991; 97: 389-394
- Calcineurin inhibitors FK506 and SDZ ASM 981 alleviate the outcome of focal cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury.J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999; 288: 653-659
- The ascomycin macrolactam pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981) is a potent inhibitor of mediator release from human dermal mast cells and peripheral blood basophils.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001; 108: 275-280
- Ascomycin macrolactam derivate SDZ ASM 981 inhibits the release of granule associated mediators and of newly synthesized cytokines in RBL2HS mas cells in an immunophilin-dependent manner.Arch Dermatol Res. 1998; 290: 501-507
- Gene profiling of blood cells from psoriatic patients after oral treatment with SDZ ASM 981.J Invest Dermatol. 2001; 117: 545
- Atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in hypomagnesaemic hairless rats are prevented and inhibited by systemic or topical SDZ ASM 981.Br J Dermatol. 2000; 142: 669-679
- Possible inhibitory mechanism of FK506 (tacrolimus hydrate) ointment for atopic dermatitis based on animal models.Eur J Pharmacol. 1999; 379: 183-189
- Inhibition of contact allergy reactions by topical FK506.Lancet. 1992; 340: 556
- Tacrolimus ointment does not affect collagen synthesis.J Invest Dermatol. 1998; 111: 396-398
- The new topical ascomycin derivative SDZ ASM 981 does not induce skin atrophy when applied to normal skin for 4 weeks.Br J Dermatol. 2001; 144: 507-513
- The impact of tacrolimus ointment on health-related quality of life of adult and pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001; 44: S65-72
- Long-term efficacy of tacrolimus ointment for recalcitrant facial erythema resistant to topical corticosteroids in adult patients with atopic dermatitis.Arch Dermatol. 2000; 136: 1062-1063
- Safety and efficacy of 1 year of tacrolimus ointment monotherapy in adults with atopic dermatitis.Arch Dermatol. 2000; 136: 999-1006
- Tacrolimus (FK506) ointment for atopic dermatitis.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998; 38: 69-76
- A short-term trial of tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis.N Engl J Med. 1997; 337: 816-821
- Long-term safety and efficacy of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001; 44: S58-64
- A 12-week study of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001; 44: S47-57
- A randomized, vehicle-controlled trial of tacrolimus ointment for treatment of atopic dermatitis in children.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998; 102: 637-644
- Topical tacrolimus is effective for facial lesions of psoriasis.Acta Derm Venereol. 2001; 80: 451
- Successful treatment of erosive lichen planus with topical tacrolimus.Arch Dermatol. 2001; 137: 419-422
- Tacrolimus ointment in the treatment of chronic cutaneous graft-vs-host disease.Arch Dermatol. 2001; 137: 1202-1206
- Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of steroid-induced rosacea.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001; 44: 995-998
Böhm M, Frieling U, Luger TA, Bonsmann G. Successful treatment of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus with tacrolimus. Arch Derm (in press)
- An open study of a lotion formulation to improve tolerance of tacrolimus in facial atopic dermatitis.Br J Dermatol. 2001; 145: 795-798
- Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients, part II.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001; 44: S39-46
- The eczema area and severity index (EASI).Exp Dermatol. 2001; 10: 11-18
- Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients, part I.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001; 44: S28-38
- Tacrolimus concentrations in blood during topical treatment of atopic dermatitis.Lancet. 1996; 348: 1240-1241
- Tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis.Lancet. 1994; 344: 883
- Significant absorption of topical tacrolimus in 3 patients with Netherton syndrome.Arch Dermatol. 2001; 137: 747-750
- Tacrolimus.Drugs. 2000; 59: 323-389
- The effect of immunosuppression on posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric liver transplant patients.Transplantation. 2000; 70: 94-99
- Tacrolimus: a review of its use for the management of dermatosis.J Europ Acad Derm. 2002; 16: 100-119
- Tacrolimus ointment reduces staphylococcal colonization of atopic dermatitis lesions.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001; 107: 196-197
- FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from a Streptomyces, I.J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1987; 40: 1249-1255
- FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from a Streptomyces, II.J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1987; 40: 1256-1265
- Clinical risk factors associated with nonmelanoma skin cancer in renal transplant recipients.Am J Kidney Dis. 2000; 36: 167-176
- Are viral warts seen more commonly in children with eczema?.Arch Dermatol. 1993; 129: 717-720
- Effectiveness of the ascomycin macrolactam SDZ ASM 981 in the topical treatment of atopic dermatitis.Arch Dermatol. 1998; 134: 805-809
- SDZ ASM 981.Br J Dermatol. 2001; 144: 788-794
- Elidel.Pediatr Dermatol. 2001; 18 (Abstract): 133
- Pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981) cream 1% provides safe and effective long-term management of atopic dermatitis in children in a 12-month controlled study, reducing the need for topical corticosteroids usage.Pediatr Dermatol. 2001; 18 (Abstract): 75
- Pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981) cream 1% is safe in long-term use in pediatric atopic dermatitis.Pediatr Dermatol. 2001; 18 (Abstract): 76
- Pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981) cream 1% is effective and safe in infants aged 3–23 months with atopic dermatitis.Pediatr Dermatol. 2001; 18 (Abstract): 76
- Long-term management of atopic dermatitis in infants with topical pimecrolimus, a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002; 110: 277-284
- Elidel.Pediatr Dermatol. 2001; 18 (Abstract): 133
- SDZ ASM 981 1% cream is effective in the treatment of chronic irritant hand dermatitis.J Europ Acad Derm. 2000; 14: 128
- SDZ ASM 981 is the first non-steroid that suppresses established nickel contact dermatitis elicited by allergen challenge.Contact Derm. 2000; 42: 349-350
- Oral SDZ ASM 981.J Invest Dermatol. 2000; 114: 776
- Efficacy and Safety of Pimecrolimus Cream in Long-Term Management of Atopic Dermatitis in Children.Pediatrics. 2002; 110: 1-8
- The benefit of pime- crolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981) on quality of life in the treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis.Pediatr Dermatol. 2001; 18 (Abstract): 77
- Pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981) cream 1%.Pediatr Dermatol. 2001; 18 (Abstract): 78
- Pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981) cream 1%.Pediatr Dermatol. 2001; 18 (Abstract): 78
- First experience of topical SDZ ASM 981 in children with atopic dermatitis.Br J Dermatol. 2001; 144: 781-787
Article info
Identification
Copyright
© 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
