Clinics in Dermatology
Volume 27, Issue 4 , Pages 384-394 , July 2009

Medical experiments on humans and the development of guidelines governing them: the central role of dermatology

References 

  1. Weyers W. The abuse of man. An illustrated history of dubious medical experimentation. New York: Ardor Scribendi; 2003;
  2. Auspitz H. Allgemeine Pathologie und Therapie der Haut. In:  Ziemssen H editors. Handbuch der Speciellen Pathologie und Therapie. vol 14/1:Leipzig: Vogel; 1883;p. 140
  3. Unna PG. In:  Grote LR editors. Die Wissenschaft der Gegenwart in Selbstdarstellungen (Medizin). vol 8:Leipzig: F. Meiner; 1930;p. 194
  4. Shelley WB. Experimental disease in the skin of man. A review. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1982;108:1–38
  5. Editorial. J Invest Dermatol. 1938;1:5–7
  6. Klusemann GG. Die Syphilisation in wissenschaftlicher und sanitätspolizeilicher Beziehung. Mit einer Nachschrift über die Zurechnung des ärztlichen Heilverfahrens von Casper. Vierteljahresschrift für gerichtliche und öffentliche Medicin. 1853;3:92–117
  7. Bärensprung F. Mittheilungen aus der Abtheilung und Klinik für syphilitisch Kranke. Annalen des Charité-Krankenhauses. 1860;9:110–208
  8. Janson C. Über Schutzimpfung und Immunität. Centralblatt für Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde. 1891;10:40–45
  9. Láng E. Einiges über Syphiliscontagium und Syphilistherapie. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift. 1900;50:1114–1115
  10. Neisser A. Was wissen wir von einer Serumtherapie bei Syphilis und was haben wir von ihr zu erhoffen? Eine kritische Uebersicht und Materialien-Sammlung. Arch Dermatol Syphilis. 1898;44:431–493
  11. Lederer SE. Subjected to science. Human experimentation in America before the Second World War. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1997;
  12. Noguchi H. A cutaneous reaction in syphilis. J Exp Med. 1911;14:557–568
  13. Wile UJ. Experimental syphilis in the rabbit produced by the brain substance of the living paretic. J Exp Med. 1916;23:199–202
  14. Cannon WB. The right and wrong of making experiments on human beings. JAMA. 1916;67:1372–1373
  15. In:  Annas GJ,  Grodin MA editor. The Nazi doctors and the Nuremberg code. Human rights in human experimentation. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992;
  16. Morgan JP. The first reported case of electrical stimulation of the human brain. J Hist Med. 1982;37:51–64
  17. Greenblatt RB, Dienst RB, Pund ER, Torpin R. Experimental and clinical granuloma inguinale. JAMA. 1939;113:1109–1116
  18. Sinclair D. The clinical reactions of the skin to mustard gas vapour. Br J Dermatol Syph. 1949;61:13–25
  19. Faden RR, Feinberg KR, Glatstein E, et al. In: Final report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996;p. 82
  20. Shelley WB. Experimental miliaria in man. J Invest Dermatol. 1954;22:267–271
  21. Shelley WB, Cahn MM. The pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa in man. AMA Arch Dermatol Syphilol. 1955;72:562–565
  22. Shelley WB, Perry ET. The experimental production of external otitis in man. J Invest Dermatol. 1956;27:281–289
  23. Shelley WB, Kligman AM. The experimental production of acne by penta- and hexachloronaphthalenes. AMA Arch Dermatol. 1957;75:689–695
  24. Epstein WL, Kligman AM. Epithelial cysts in buried human skin. AMA Arch Dermatol. 1957;76:437–445
  25. Epstein WL. Contribution to the pathogenesis of zirconium granulomas in man. J Invest Dermatol. 1969;34:183–188
  26. Weinstein GD, Van Scott EJ. Autoradiographic analysis of turnover times of normal and psoriatic epidermis. J Invest Dermatol. 1965;45:257–262
  27. Clendenning WE, Van Scott EJ. Autografts in psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol. 1965;45:46–51
  28. Frost P, Weinstein GD, Van Scott EJ. The ichthyosiform dermatoses. II. Autoradiographic studies of epidermal proliferation. J Invest Dermatol. 1966;47:561–567
  29. Liban E, Zuckerman A, Sagher F. Specific tissue alterations in leprous skin. VII. Inoculation of Leishmania tropica into leprous patients. AMA Arch Dermatol Syphilol. 1955;71:442–450
  30. Mancini RE, Quaife JV. Histogenesis of experimentally produced keloids. J Invest Dermatol. 1962;38:143–181
  31. Strauss JS, Kligman AM. An experimental study of tinea pedis and onychomycosis of the foot. AMA Arch Dermatol. 1957;76:70–79
  32. Goldschmidt H, Kligman AM. Experimental inoculation of humans with ectodermotropic viruses. J Invest Dermatol. 1958;31:175–182
  33. Maibach HI, Kligman AM. The biology of experimental human cutaneous moniliasis (Candida albicans). Arch Dermatol. 1962;85:113–137
  34. Hornblum AM. Acres of skin. Human experiments at the Holmesburg Prison. New York: Routledge; 1998;
  35. Strauss JS, Kligman AM. Effect of x-rays on sebaceous glands of the human face: radiation therapy of acne. J Invest Dermatol. 1959;33:347–356
  36. Kligman AM, Anderson WW. Evaluation of current methods for the local treatment of tinea capitis. J Invest Dermatol. 1951;16:155–168
  37. Strauss JS, Kligman AM. The effect of androgens and estrogens on human sebaceous glands. J Invest Dermatol. 1962;39:139–155
  38. Strauss JS, Kligman AM. Androgenic effects of a progestational compound, 17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone (Norlutin), on the human sebaceous gland. J Clin Endocrinol. 1961;21:215–219
  39. Kligman AM. The pathogenesis of tinea capitis due to Microsporum audouini and Microsporum canis. J Invest Dermatol. 1952;18:231–246
  40. Kligman AM. Dimethyl sulfoxide. A correction. JAMA. 1966;197:1109
  41. Scanlon EF, Hawkins RA, Fox WW, Smith WS. Fatal homotransplanted melanoma: a case report. Cancer. 1965;18:782–789
  42. Beecher HK. Ethics and clinical research. N Engl J Med. 1966;274:1354–1360
  43. Curran WJ. Governmental regulation of the use of human subjects in medical research: the approach of two federal agencies. Daedalus. 1969;98:542–594
  44. Jones JH. Bad blood. The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. New York: The Free Press; 1993;

PII: S0738-081X(09)00031-5

doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2009.02.011

Clinics in Dermatology
Volume 27, Issue 4 , Pages 384-394 , July 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution