Clinics in Dermatology
Volume 27, Issue 1 , Pages 35-45 , January 2009

Current and emerging technologies in melanoma diagnosis: the state of the art

References 

  1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007;57:43–66
  2. Rao PM, Rhea JT, Rattner DW, Venus LG, Novelline RA. Introduction of appendiceal CT: impact on negative appendectomy and appendiceal perforation rates. Ann Surg. 1999;229:344–349
  3. Rhea JT, Halpern EF, Ptak T, Lawrason JN, Sacknoff R, Novelline RA. The status of appendiceal CT in an urban medical center 5 years after its introduction: experience with 753 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184:1802–1808
  4. Edmondson PC, Curley RK, Marsden RA, Robinson D, Allaway SL, Willson CD. Screening for malignant melanoma using instant photography. J Med Screen. 1999;6:42–46
  5. Feit NE, Dusza SW, Marghoob AA. Melanomas detected with the aid of total cutaneous photography. Br J Dermatol. 2004;150:706–714
  6. Banky JP, Kelly JW, English DR, Yeatman JM, Dowling JP. Incidence of new and changed nevi and melanomas detected using baseline images and dermoscopy in patients at high risk for melanoma. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:998–1006
  7. Shriner DL, Wagner RF, Glowczwski JR. Photography for the early diagnosis of malignant melanoma in patients with atypical moles. Cutis. 1992;50:358–362
  8. Slue W, Kopf AW, Rivers JK. Total-body photographs of dysplastic nevi. Arch Dermatol. 1988;124:1239–1243
  9. Kelly JW, Yeatman JM, Regalia C, Mason G, Henham AP. A high incidence of melanoma found in patients with multiple dysplastic naevi by photographic surveillance. Med J Aust. 1997;167:191–194
  10. MacKie RM, McHenry P, Hole D. Accelerated detection with prospective surveillance for cutaneous malignant melanoma in high-risk groups. Lancet. 1993;341:1618–1620
  11. Tiersten AD, Grin CM, Kopf AW, et al. Prospective follow-up for malignant melanoma in patients with atypical-mole (dysplastic-nevus) syndrome. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1991;17:44–48
  12. Kittler H, Binder M. Risks and benefits of sequential imaging of melanocytic skin lesions in patients with multiple atypical nevi. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:1590–1595
  13. Menzies SW, Gutenev A, Avramidis M, Batrac A, McCarthy WH. Short-term digital surface microscopic monitoring of atypical or changing melanocytic lesions. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:1583–1589
  14. Risser J, Pressley Z, Veledar E, Washington C, Chen SC. The impact of total body photography on biopsy rate in patients from a pigmented lesion clinic. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:428–434
  15. Halpern AC. The use of whole body photography in a pigmented lesion clinic. Dermatol Surg. 2000;26:1175–1180
  16. Stolz W, Braun-Falco O, Semmelmayer U, Kopf AW. History of skin surface microscopy. In:  Marghoob AA,  Braun RP,  Kopf AW editor. Atlas of dermoscopy. Abingdon: Taylor and Francis; 2005;p. 1–6
  17. MacKie RM. An aid to the preoperative assessment of pigmented lesions of the skin. Br J Dermatol. 1971;85:232–238
  18. Nehal KS, Oliveria SA, Marghoob AA, et al. Use of and beliefs about dermoscopy in the management of patients with pigmented lesions: a survey of dermatology residency programmes in the United States. Melanoma Res. 2002;12:601–605
  19. Tripp JM, Kopf AW, Marghoob AA, Bart RS. Management of dysplastic nevi: a survey of fellows of the American Academy of Dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46:674–682
  20. Kittler H, Pehamberger H, Wolff K, Binder M. Diagnostic accuracy of dermoscopy. Lancet Oncol. 2002;3:159–165
  21. Blum A, Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Luedtke H, et al. Value of the clinical history for different users of dermoscopy compared with results of digital image analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2004;18:665–669
  22. Pizzichetta MA, Talamini R, Piccolo D, et al. The ABCD rule of dermatoscopy does not apply to small melanocytic skin lesions. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:1376–1378
  23. Menzies SW, Ingvar C, Crotty KA, McCarthy WH. Frequency and morphologic characteristics of invasive melanomas lacking specific surface microscopic features. Arch Dermatol. 1996;132:1178–1182
  24. Skvara H, Teban L, Fiebiger M, Binder M, Kittler H. Limitations of dermoscopy in the recognition of melanoma. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:155–160
  25. Carli P, Chiarugi A, De Giorgi V. Examination of lesions (including dermoscopy) without contact with the patient is associated with improper management in about 30% of equivocal melanomas. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31:169–172
  26. Argenziano G, Soyer HP, Chimenti S, et al. Dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions: results of a consensus meeting via the Internet. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48:679–693
  27. Argenziano G, Zalaudek I, Ferrara G, Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Soyer HP. Proposal of a new classification system for melanocytic naevi. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:217–227
  28. Henning JS, Dusza SW, Wang SQ, et al. The CASH (color, architecture, symmetry, and homogeneity) algorithm for dermoscopy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56:45–52
  29. Zalaudek I, Argenziano G, Soyer HP, et al. Three-point checklist of dermoscopy: an open internet study. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154:431–437
  30. Tsang MW, Resneck JS. Even patients with changing moles face long dermatology appointment wait-times: a study of simulated patient calls to dermatologists. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:54–58
  31. Scope A, Burroni M, Agero AL, et al. Predominant dermoscopic patterns observed among nevi. J. Cutan Med Surg. 2006;10:170–174
  32. Zalaudek I, Argenziano G, Mordente I, et al. Nevus type in dermoscopy is related to skin type in white persons. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143:351–356
  33. Scope A, Dusza SW, Halpern AC, et al. The “ugly duckling” sign: agreement between observers. Arch Dermatol. 2008;144:58–64
  34. Lipoff JB, Scope A, Dusza SW, Marghoob AA, Oliveria SA, Halpern AC. Complex dermoscopic pattern: a potential risk marker for melanoma. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158:821–824
  35. Green A, Martin N, McKenzie G, et al. Computer image analysis of pigmented skin lesions. Melanoma Res. 1991;1:231–236
  36. Green A, Martin N, Pfitzner J, O'Rourke M, Knight N. Computer image analysis in the diagnosis of melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;31:958–964
  37. Binder M, Kittler H, Dreiseitl S, Ganster H, Wolff K, Pehamberger H. Computer-aided epiluminescence microscopy of pigmented skin lesions: the value of clinical data for the classification process. Melanoma Res. 2000;10:556–561
  38. Elbaum M, Kopf AW, Rabinovitz HS, et al. Automatic differentiation of melanoma from melanocytic nevi with multispectral digital dermoscopy: a feasibility study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:207–218
  39. Perrinaud A, Gaide O, French LE, Saurat JH, Marghoob AA, Braun RP. Can automated dermoscopy image analysis instruments provide added benefit for the dermatologist? A study comparing the results of three systems. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:926–933
  40. Blum A, Luedtke H, Ellwanger U, Schwabe R, Rassner G, Garbe C. Digital image analysis for diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma. Development of a highly effective computer algorithm based on analysis of 837 melanocytic lesions. Br J Dermatol. 2004;151:1029–1038
  41. Carrara M, Bono A, Bartoli C, et al. Multispectral imaging and artificial neural network: mimicking the management decision of the clinician facing pigmented skin lesions. Phys Med Biol. 2007;52:2599–2613
  42. Hoffmann K, Gambichler T, Rick A, et al. Diagnostic and neural analysis of skin cancer (DANAOS). A multicentre study for collection and computer-aided analysis of data from pigmented skin lesions using digital dermoscopy. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149:801–809
  43. Menzies SW, Bischof L, Talbot H, et al. The performance of SolarScan: an automated dermoscopy image analysis instrument for the diagnosis of primary melanoma. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:1388–1396
  44. Piccolo D, Ferrari A, Peris K, Diadone R, Ruggeri B, Chimenti S. Dermoscopic diagnosis by a trained clinician vs. a clinician with minimal dermoscopy training vs. computer-aided diagnosis of 341 pigmented skin lesions: a comparative study. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:481–486
  45. Rubegni P, Burroni M, Cevenini G, et al. Digital dermoscopy analysis and artificial neural network for the differentiation of clinically atypical pigmented skin lesions: a retrospective study. J Invest Dermatol. 2002;119:471–474
  46. Binder M, Kittler H, Seeber A, Steiner A, Pehamberger H, Wolff K. Epiluminescence microscopy-based classification of pigmented skin lesions using computerized image analysis and an artificial neural network. Melanoma Res. 1998;8:261–266
  47. Binder M, Steiner A, Schwarz M, Knollmayer S, Wolff K, Pehamberger H. Application of an artificial neural network in epiluminescence microscopy pattern analysis of pigmented skin lesions: a pilot study. Br J Dermatol. 1994;130:460–465
  48. Rubegni P, Burroni M, Andreassi A, Fimiani M. The role of dermoscopy and digital dermoscopy analysis in the diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:1444–1446
  49. Rubegni P, Cevenini G, Burroni M, et al. Automated diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions. Int J Cancer. 2002;101:576–580
  50. Marchesini R, Brambilla M, Clemente C, et al. In vivo spectrophotometric evaluation of neoplastic and non-neoplastic skin pigmented lesions–I. Reflectance measurements. Photochem Photobiol. 1991;53:77–84
  51. Marchesini R, Cascinelli N, Brambilla M, et al. In vivo spectrophotometric evaluation of neoplastic and non-neoplastic skin pigmented lesions. II: Discriminant analysis between nevus and melanoma. Photochem Photobiol. 1992;55:515–522
  52. Marghoob AA, Korzenko AJ, Changchien L, Scope A, Braun RP, Rabinovitz H. The beauty and the beast sign in dermoscopy. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33:1388–1391
  53. Carrara M, Tomatis S, Bono A, et al. Automated segmentation of pigmented skin lesions in multispectral imaging. Phys Med Biol. 2005;50:N345–N357
  54. Marchesini R, Bono A, Tomatis S, et al. In vivo evaluation of melanoma thickness by multispectral imaging and an artificial neural network. A retrospective study on 250 cases of cutaneous melanoma. Tumori. 2007;93:170–177
  55. Gutkowicz-Krusin D, Elbaum M, Jacobs A, et al. Precision of automatic measurements of pigmented skin lesion parameters with a MelaFind(TM) multispectral digital dermoscope. Melanoma Res. 2000;10:563–570
  56. Corcuff P, Bertrand C, Leveque JL. Morphometry of human epidermis in vivo by real-time confocal microscopy. Arch Dermatol Res. 1993;285:475–481
  57. Rajadhyaksha M, Gonzalez S, Zavislan JM, Anderson RR, Webb RH. In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of human skin II: advances in instrumentation and comparison with histology. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113:293–303
  58. Rajadhyaksha M, Grossman M, Esterowitz D, Webb RH, Anderson RR. In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of human skin: melanin provides strong contrast. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;104:946–952
  59. Gerger A, Koller S, Kern T, et al. Diagnostic applicability of in vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy in melanocytic skin tumors. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;124:493–498
  60. Marghoob AA, Halpern AC. Confocal scanning laser reflectance microscopy: why bother?. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:212–215
  61. Busam KJ, Hester K, Charles C, et al. Detection of clinically amelanotic malignant melanoma and assessment of its margins by in vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:923–929
  62. Ahmed I, Berth-Jones J. Imiquimod: a novel treatment for lentigo maligna. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:843–845
  63. Cornejo P, Vanaclocha F, Polimon I, Del Rio R. Intralesional interferon treatment of lentigo maligna. Arch Dermatol. 2000;136:428–430
  64. Halpern AC, Schuchter LM, Elder DE, et al. Effects of topical tretinoin on dysplastic nevi. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:1028–1035
  65. Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Soyer HP, Wolf IH, et al. Ultraviolet radiation of melanocytic nevi: a dermoscopic study. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:845–850
  66. Langley RG, Burton E, Walsh N, Propperova I, Murray SJ. In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of benign lentigines: comparison to conventional histology and in vivo characteristics of lentigo maligna. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:88–97
  67. Tannous ZS, Lerner LH, Duncan LM, Mihm MC, Flotte TJ. Progression to invasive melanoma from malignant melanoma in situ, lentigo maligna type. Hum Pathol. 2000;31:705–708
  68. Tannous ZS, Mihm MC, Flotte TJ, Gonzalez S. In vivo examination of lentigo maligna and malignant melanoma in situ, lentigo maligna type by near-infrared reflectance confocal microscopy: comparison of in vivo confocal images with histologic sections. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46:260–263
  69. Tronnier M, Smolle J, Wolff HH. Ultraviolet irradiation induces acute changes in melanocytic nevi. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;104:475–478
  70. Scope A, Benvenuto-Andrade C, Agero AL, Halpern AC, Gonzalez S, Marghoob AA. Correlation of dermoscopic structures of melanocytic lesions to reflectance confocal microscopy. Arch Dermat. 2007;143:176–185
  71. Busam KJ, Charles C, Lee G, Halpern AC. Morphologic features of melanocytes, pigmented keratinocytes, and melanophages by in vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy. Mod Pathol. 2001;14:862–868
  72. Yaroslavsky AN, Salomatina EV, Neel V, Anderson R, Flotte T. Fluorescence polarization of tetracycline derivatives as a technique for mapping nonmelanoma skin cancers. J Biomed Opt. 2007;12:014005
  73. Gareau DS, Merlino G, Corless C, Kulesz-Martin M, Jacques SL. Noninvasive imaging of melanoma with reflectance mode confocal scanning laser microscopy in a murine model. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127:2184–2190
  74. Li Y, Gonzalez S, Terwey TH, et al. Dual mode reflectance and fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy for in vivo imaging melanoma progression in murine skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;125:798–804
  75. Dwyer PJ, DiMarzio CA, Rajadhyaksha M. Confocal theta line-scanning microscope for imaging human tissues. Appl Opt. 2007;46:1843–1851
  76. Dwyer PJ, DiMarzio CA, Zavislan JM, Fox WJ, Rajadhyaksha M. Confocal reflectance theta line scanning microscope for imaging human skin in vivo. Opt Lett. 2006;31:942–944
  77. Boudoux C, Yun SH, Oh WY, et al. Rapid wavelength-swept spectrally encoded confocal microscopy. Opt Expr. 2005;13:8214–8221
  78. Tearney GJ, Webb RH, Bouma BE. Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy. Opt Lett. 1998;23:1152–1154
  79. Langley RG, Rajadhyaksha M, Dwyer PJ, Sober AJ, Flotte TJ, Anderson RR. Confocal scanning laser microscopy of benign and malignant melanocytic skin lesions in vivo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;45:365–376
  80. Scope A, Benvenuto-Andrade C, Agero AL, et al. In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy imaging of melanocytic skin lesions: consensus terminology glossary and illustrative images. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:644–658
  81. Gonzalez S, Gill M, Halpern AC. Reflectance confocal microscopy of cutaneous tumors. London: Informa Healthcare; 2008;
  82. Gerger A, Koller S, Weger W, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of confocal laser-scanning microscopy for in vivo diagnosis of malignant skin tumors. Cancer. 2006;107:193–200
  83. Pellacani G, Cesinaro AM, Seidenari S. Reflectance-mode confocal microscopy for the in vivo characterization of pagetoid melanocytosis in melanomas and nevi. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;125:532–537
  84. Pellacani G, Cesinaro AM, Seidenari S. Reflectance-mode confocal microscopy of pigmented skin lesions–improvement in melanoma diagnostic specificity. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53:979–985
  85. Pellacani G, Guitera P, Longo C, Avramidis M, Seidenari S, Menzies S. The impact of in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy for the diagnostic accuracy of melanoma and equivocal melanocytic lesions. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127:2759–2765
  86. Langley RG, Walsh N, Sutherland AE, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of in vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy compared to dermoscopy of benign and malignant melanocytic lesions: a prospective study. Dermatology. 2007;215:365–372
  87. Gerger A, Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Langsenlehner U, et al. In vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy of melanocytic skin tumours: diagnostic applicability using unselected tumour images. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158:329–333
  88. Curiel-Lewandrowski C, Williams CM, Swindells KJ, et al. Use of in vivo confocal microscopy in malignant melanoma: an aid in diagnosis and assessment of surgical and nonsurgical therapeutic approaches. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140:1127–1132
  89. Blum A, Schmid-Wendtner MH, Mauss-Kiefer V, Eberle JY, Kuchelmeister C, Dill-Muller D. Ultrasound mapping of lymph node and subcutaneous metastases in patients with cutaneous melanoma: results of a prospective multicenter study. Dermatology. 2006;212:47–52
  90. Serrone L, Solivetti FM, Thorel MF, Eibenschutz L, Donati P, Catricala C. High frequency ultrasound in the preoperative staging of primary melanoma: a statistical analysis. Melanoma Res. 2002;12:287–290
  91. Gassenmaier G, Kiesewetter F, Schell H, Zinner M. Value of high resolution ultrasound in determination of vertical tumor thickness in malignant melanoma of the skin. Hautarzt. 1990;41:360–364
  92. Semple JL, Gupta AK, From L, et al. Does high-frequency (40–60 MHz) ultrasound imaging play a role in the clinical management of cutaneous melanoma?. Ann Plast Surg. 1995;34:599–605[discussion 6]
  93. Hoffmann K, Jung J, el Gammal S, Altmeyer P. Malignant melanoma in 20-MHz B scan sonography. Dermatology. 1992;185:49–55
  94. el Gammal S, Hartwig R, Aygen S, Bauermann T, el Gammal C, Altmeyer P. Improved resolution of magnetic resonance microscopy in examination of skin tumors. J Invest Dermatol. 1996;106:1287–1292
  95. Maurer J, Knollmann FD, Schlums D, et al. Role of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging for differentiating melanin-containing skin tumors. Invest Radiol. 1995;30:638–643
  96. Zemtsov A, Lorig R, Ng TC, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of cutaneous neoplasms: clinicopathologic correlation. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1991;17:416–422
  97. Ono I, Kaneko F. Magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosing skin tumors. Clin Dermatol. 1995;13:393–399
  98. Zemtsov A, Lorig R, Bergfield WF, Bailin PL, Ng TC. Magnetic resonance imaging of cutaneous melanocytic lesions. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1989;15:854–858
  99. Welzel J, Bruhns M, Wolff HH. Optical coherence tomography in contact dermatitis and psoriasis. Arch Dermatol Res. 2003;295:50–55
  100. Olmedo JM, Warschaw KE, Schmitt JM, Swanson DL. Optical coherence tomography for the characterization of basal cell carcinoma in vivo: a pilot study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:408–412
  101. de Giorgi V, Stante M, Massi D, Mavilia L, Cappugi P, Carli P. Possible histopathologic correlates of dermoscopic features in pigmented melanocytic lesions identified by means of optical coherence tomography. Exp Dermatol. 2005;14:56–59
  102. Welzel J. Optical coherence tomography in dermatology: a review. Skin Res Technol. 2001;7:1–9
  103. Welzel J, Lankenau E, Birngruber R, Engelhardt R. Optical coherence tomography of the human skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37:958–963
  104. Skala MC, Squirrell JM, Vrotsos KM, et al. Multiphoton microscopy of endogenous fluorescence differentiates normal, precancerous, and cancerous squamous epithelial tissues. Cancer Res. 2005;65:1180–1186
  105. Cossmann M, Welzel J. Evaluation of the atrophogenic potential of different glucocorticoids using optical coherence tomography, 20-MHz ultrasound and profilometry; a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155:700–706
  106. Yazdanfar S, Chen YY, So PT, Laiho LH. Multifunctional imaging of endogenous contrast by simultaneous nonlinear and optical coherence microscopy of thick tissues. Microsc Res Tech. 2007;70:628–633
  107. Wachsman W, Zapala M, Udall D, et al. Differentiation of melanoma from dysplastic nevi in suspicious pigmented skin lesions by non-invasive tape stripping. In: Presented at: Society of Investigative Dermatology; May 9–12, 2007; Los Angeles, CA. 2007;
  108. Wong R, Tran V, Talwalker S, Benson NR. Analysis of RNA recovery and gene expression in the epidermis using non-invasive tape stripping. J Dermatol Sci. 2006;44:81–92
  109. Chang S, Rabinovitz H, Bastian BC, et al. A non-invasive genomic assay for the detection of melanoma in suspicious pigmented nevi. In: Presented at: American Association for Cancer Research, 2008; San Diego, CA. 2008;

PII: S0738-081X(08)00181-8

doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2008.09.004

Clinics in Dermatology
Volume 27, Issue 1 , Pages 35-45 , January 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution