Clinics in Dermatology
Volume 27, Issue 1 , Pages 10-25 , January 2009

The value of screening in melanoma

References 

  1. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts and figures 2007. [cited 2008 Apr 17]. Available at: www.cancer.org/downloads/stt/CFF2007EstCsDths07.pdf.
  2. Ries LAG, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, et al. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2002. Bethesda MD: National Cancer Institute. [cited 2008 Apr 17]. Available at: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2002/.
  3. Marrett LD, Nguyen HL, Armstrong BK. Trends in the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma in New South Wales, 1983–1996. Int J Cancer. 2001;92:457–462
  4. Lindholm C, Andersson R, Dufmats M, et al. for the Swedish Melanoma Study Group Invasive cutaneous malignant melanoma in Sweden, 1990–1999. A prospective, population-based study of survival and prognostic factors.. Cancer. 2004;101:2067–2078
  5. De Vries E, Bray FI, Eggermont AM, Coebergh JW for the European Network of Cancer Registries. Monitoring stage-specific trends in melanoma incidence across Europe reveals the need for more complete information on diagnostic characteristics. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2004;13:387–395
  6. De Vries E, Coebergh JW. Cutaneous malignant melanoma in Europe. Eur J Cancer. 2004;40:2355–2366
  7. MacKie RM, Bray CA, Hole DJ, et al. Scottish Melanoma Group Incidence of and survival from malignant melanoma in Scotland: an epidemiological study. Lancet. 2002;360:587–591
  8. De Vries E, Bray FI, Coebergh JW, Parkin DM. Changing epidemiology of malignant cutaneous melanoma in Europe 1953–1997: rising trends in incidence and mortality but recent stabilizations in Western Europe and decreases in Scandinavia. Int J Cancer. 2003;107:119–126
  9. Berwick M, Weinstock M. Epidemiology-current trends. In:  Balch CM,  Houghton AN,  Sober AJ,  Soong S editor. Cutnaeous melanoma. 4th ed. St Louis, MO: Quality Medical Publishing; 2003;p. 15–23
  10. Bulliard JL, Cox B, Semenciw R. Trends by anatomic site in the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Canada, 1969–93. Cancer Causes Control. 1999;10:407–416
  11. Bulliard JL, Cox B. Cutaneous malignant melanoma in New Zealand: trends by anatomical site, 1969–1993. Int J Epidemiol. 2000;29:416–423
  12. Lasithiotakis KG, Leiter U, Gorkievicz R, et al. The incidence and mortality of cutaneous melanoma in Southern Germany: trends by anatomic site and pathologic characteristics, 1976 to 2003. Cancer. 2006;107:1331–1339
  13. Whiteman DC, Bray CA, Siskind V, Hole D, MacKie RM, Green AC. A comparison of the anatomic distribution of cutaneous melanoma in two populations with different levels of sunlight: the west of Scotland and Queensland, Australia 1982–2001. Cancer Causes Control. 2007;18:485–491
  14. Whiteman DC, Watt P, Purdie DM, Hughes MC, Hayward NK, Green AC. Melanocytic nevi, solar keratoses, and divergent pathways to cutaneous melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95:806–812
  15. Curtin JA, Fridlyand J, Kageshita T, et al. Distinct sets of genetic alterations in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2135–2147
  16. Lipsker DM, Hedelin G, Heid E, Grosshans EM, Cribier BJ. Striking increase of thin melanomas contrasts with stable incidence of thick melanomas. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:1451–1456
  17. Demierre MF. Thin melanomas and regression, thick melanomas and older men: prognostic implications and perspectives on secondary prevention. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:678–682
  18. Murray CS, Stockton DL, Doherty VR. Thick melanoma: the challenge persists. Br J Dermatol. 2005;152:104–109
  19. Carli P, De Giorgi V, Palli D, et al. Patterns of detection of superficial spreading and nodular-type melanoma: a multicenter Italian study. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30:1371–1375
  20. Liu W, Dowling JP, Murray WK, et al. Rate of growth in melanomas: characteristics and associations of rapidly growing melanomas. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142:1551–1558
  21. Baade PD, English DR, Youl PH, McPherson M, Elwood JM, Aitken JF. The relationship between melanoma thickness and time to diagnosis in a large population-based study. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142:1422–1427
  22. Swetter SM, Boldrick JC, Suny SY, Egbert BM, Harvell JD. Increasing incidence of lentigo maligna melanoma subtypes: northern California and national trends 1990–2000. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;125:303–310
  23. Bono A, Maurich A, Moglia D, et al. Clinical and dermoscopic diagnosis of early amelanotic melanoma. Melanoma Res. 2001;11:491–494
  24. Miller A. Screening for cancer. Orlando, FL: Academic Press; 1985;
  25. Koh HK, Lew RA, Prout MN. Screening for melanoma/skin cancer: theoretic and practical considerations. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;20:159–172
  26. Koh HK, Geller AC, Miller DR, Grossbart TA, Lew RA. Prevention and early detection strategies for melanoma and skin cancer. Current status. Arch Dermatol. 1996;132:436–443
  27. Rigel DS. Is the ounce of screening and prevention for skin cancer worth the pound of cure?. CA Cancer J Clin. 1998;48:236–238
  28. Grob JJ, Richard MA, Gouvernet J, et al. The kinetics of the visible growth of a primary melanoma reflects the tumor aggressiveness and is an independent prognostic marker: a prospective study. Int J Cancer. 2002;102:34–38
  29. Swerlick RA, Chen S. The melanoma epidemic. Is increased surveillance the solution or the problem? Arch Dermatol. 1996;132:881–884
  30. Weary PE. A two-year experience with a series of rural skin and oral cancer detection clinics. JAMA. 1971;217:1862–1863
  31. Loeffel ED, Watson W. Screening for skin cancer at a county fair. West J Med. 1975;122:123–126
  32. Koh HK. Melanoma screening: focusing the public health journey. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143:101–103
  33. Humphrey LL, Helfand M, Chan BK, Woolf SH. Breast cancer screening: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:347–360
  34. Pignone M, Saha S, Hoerger T, Mandelblatt J. Cost-effectiveness analyses of colorectal cancer screening: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:96–104
  35. Janda M, Youl PH, Lowe JB, et al. What motivates men ages> or= 50 years participate in a screening program for melanoma?. Cancer. 2006;107:815–823
  36. Aitken JF, Janda M, Elwood M, Youl PH, Ring IT, Lowe JB. Clinical outcomes from skin screening clinics within a community-based melanoma screening program. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:105–114
  37. Janda M, Lowe JB, Elwood M, Ring IT, Youl PH, Aitken JF. Do centralized skin screening clinics increase participation in melanoma screening (Australia)?. Cancer Causes Control. 2006;17:161–168
  38. Geller AC, Zhang Z, Sober AJ, et al. The first 15 years of the American Academy of Dermatology skin cancer-screening programs: 1985–1999. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48:34–41
  39. MacKie RM, Hole D. Audit of public education campaign to encourage earlier detection of malignant melanoma. BMJ. 1992;304:1012–1015
  40. Berwick M, Begg CB, Fine JA, Roush GC, Barnhill RL. Screening for cutaneous melanoma by skin self-examination. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88:17–23
  41. Tsao H, Rogers GS, Sober AJ. An estimate of the annual direct cost of treating cutaneous melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:669–680
  42. Losina E, Walensky RP, Geller AC, et al. Visual screening for malignant melanoma: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143:21–28
  43. US Preventive Services Task Force . Screening for skin cancer: recommendations and rationale. Am J Prev Med. 2001;20:44–46
  44. Institute of Medicine . Extending Medicare coverage for prevention and other services. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000;
  45. Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Eyre HJ. American cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer, 2006. CA Cancer J Clin. 2006;56:11–25
  46. Geller AC. Screening for melanoma. Dermatol Clin. 2002;20:629–640
  47. Geller AC, Swetter SM, Brooks K, Demierre MF, Yaroch AL. Screening, early detection, and trends for melanoma: current status (2000–2006) and future directions. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:555–572
  48. Aitken JF, Elwood JM, Lowe JB, Firman DW, Balanda KP, Ring IT. A randomised trial of population screening for melanoma. J Med Screen. 2002;9:33–37
  49. Lowe JB, Ball J, Lynch BM, et al. Acceptability and feasibility of a community-based screening program for melanoma in Australia. Health Promot Int. 2004;19:437–444
  50. Aitken JF, Youl PH, Janda M, Lowe JB, Ring IT, Elwood M. Increase in skin cancer screening during a community-based randomized intervention trial. Int J Cancer. 2006;118:1010–1016
  51. Koh HK, Norton LA, Geller AC, et al. Evaluation of the American Academy of Dermatology's National Skin Cancer Early Detection and Screening Program. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34:971–978
  52. Geller AC, Sober AJ, Zhang Z, et al. Strategies for improving melanoma education and screening for men age> or=50 years: findings from the American Academy of Dermatological National Skin Cancer Screening Program. Cancer. 2002;95:1554–1561
  53. Freedberg KA, Geller AC, Miller DR, Lew RA, Koh HK. Screening for malignant melanoma: a cost-effectiveness analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;41:738–745
  54. Goldberg MS, Doucette JT, Lim HW, Spencer J, Carucci JA, Rigel DS. Risk factors for presumptive melanoma in skin cancer screening: American Academy of Dermatology National Melanoma/Skin Cancer Screening Program experience 2001–2005. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:60–66
  55. Koh HK, Caruso A, Gage I, et al. Evaluation of melanoma/skin cancer screening in Massachusetts: preliminary results. Cancer. 1990;65:375–379
  56. Rigel DS, Friedman RJ, Kopf AW, et al. Importance of complete cutaneous examination for the detection of malignant melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;14:857–860
  57. Engleberg D, Gallacher RP, Rivers JK. Follow up and evaluation of skin cancer screening in British Columbia. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;41:37–42
  58. Rampen FHJ, van Huysteee EWL, Kiemeney LALM. Melanoma/skin cancer clinics: experience in the Netherlands. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;25:776–777
  59. Hoffman K, Dirschka T, Schatz H, et al. A local education campaign on early diagnosis of malignant melanoma. Eur J Epidemiol. 1993;9:591–598
  60. Rossi CR, Vecchiato A, Bezze G, et al. Early detection of melanoma: an educational campaign in Padova, Italy. Melanoma Res. 2000;10:181–187
  61. Stratigos A, Nikolaou V, Kedicoglou S, et al. Melanoma/skin cancer screening in a Mediterranean country: results of the Euromelanoma Screening Day Campaign in Greece. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007;21:56–62
  62. Vandaele MM, Richert B, Van der Endt JD, et al. Melanoma screening: results of the first one-day campaign in Belgium (‘melanoma Monday’). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2000;14:470–472
  63. Youl PH, Janda M, Elwood M, Lowe JB, Ring IT, Aitken JF. Who attends skin cancer clinics within a randomized melanoma screening program?. Cancer Detect Prev. 2006;30:44–51
  64. Call TR, Boucher KM, Whiting BL, et al. Motivating factors for attendance of skin cancer screenings. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;51:642–644
  65. Ferrone CR, Ben Porat L, Panageas KS, et al. Clinicopathological features of and risk factors for multiple primary melanomas. JAMA. 2005;294:1647–1654
  66. DiFronzo LA, Wanek LA, Morton DL. Earlier diagnosis of second primary melanoma confirms the benefits of patient education and routine postoperative follow-up. Cancer. 2001;91:1520–1524
  67. Marghoob AA, Slade J, Kopf AW, Salopek TG, Rigel DS, Bart RS. Risk of developing multiple primary cutaneous melanomas in patients with the classic atypical-mole syndrome: a case-control study. Br J Dermatol. 1996;135:704–711
  68. Masri GD, Clark WH, Guerry D, Halpern A, Thompson CJ, Elder DE. Screening and surveillance of patients at high risk for malignant melanoma result in detection of earlier disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;22:1042–1048
  69. Vasen HF, Bergman W, van Haeringen A, Scheffer E, van Slooten EA. The familial dysplastic nevus syndrome. Natural history and the impact of screening on prognosis. A study of nine families in the Netherlands. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1989;25:337–341
  70. Geller AC, Emmons K, Brooks DR, et al. Skin cancer prevention and detection practices among siblings of patients with melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49:631–638
  71. Manne S, Fasanella N, Connors J, Floyd B, Wang H, Lessin S. Sun protection and skin surveillance practices among relatives of patients with malignant melanoma: prevalence and predictors. Prev Med. 2004;39:36–47
  72. Geller AC, Emmons KM, Brooks DR, et al. A randomized trial to improve early detection and prevention practices among siblings of melanoma patients. Cancer. 2006;107:806–814
  73. Gandini S, Sera F, Cattaruzza MS, et al. Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: I. Common and atypical naevi. Eur J Cancer. 2005;41:28–44
  74. MacKie RM, McHenry P, Hole D. Accelerated detection with prospective surveillance for cutaneous malignant melanoma in high-risk groups. Lancet. 1993;341:1618–1620
  75. Tiersten AD, Grin CM, Kopf AW, et al. Prospective follow-up for malignant melanoma in patients with atypical-mole (dysplastic-nevus) syndrome. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1991;17:44–48
  76. Schneider JS, Moore DH, Sagebiel RW. Risk factors for melanoma incidence in prospective follow-up. The importance of atypical (dysplastic) nevi. Arch Dermatol. 1994;130:1002–1007
  77. Oliveria SA, Dusza SW, Phelan DL, Ostroff JS, Berwick M, Halpern AC. Patient adherence to skin self-examination. Effect of nurse intervention with photographs. Am J Prev Med. 2004;26:152–155
  78. Gandini S, Sera F, Cattaruzza MS, et al. Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: III. Family history, actinic damage and phenotypic factors. Eur J Cancer. 2005;41:2040–2059
  79. Williams HA, Fritschi L, Beauchamp C, Katris P. Evaluating the usefulness of self-reported risk factors in a skin cancer screening program. Melanoma Res. 2006;16:341–345
  80. Melia J, Harland C, Moss S, Eiser JR, Pendry L. Feasibility of targeted early detection for melanoma: a population-based screening study. Br J Cancer. 2000;82:1605–1609
  81. MacKie RM, Freudenberger T, Aitchison TC. Personal risk-factor chart for cutaneous melanoma. Lancet. 1989;2:487–490
  82. Whiteman DC, Green AC. A risk prediction tool for melanoma?. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14:761–763
  83. Fears TR, Guerry D, Pfeiffer RM, et al. Identifying individuals at high risk of melanoma: a practical predictor of absolute risk. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:3590–3596
  84. Friedman GD, Tekawa IS. Association of basal cell skin cancers with other cancers (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2000;11:891–897
  85. Maitra SK, Gallo H, Rowland-Payne C, Robinson D, Moller H. Second primary cancers in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Br J Cancer. 2005;92:570–571
  86. Nugent Z, Demers AA, Wiseman MC, Mihalcioiu C, Kliewer EV. Risk of second primary cancer and death following a diagnosis of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14:2584–2590
  87. Chen GJ, Feldman SR, Williford PM, et al. Clinical diagnosis of actinic keratosis identifies an elderly population at high risk of developing skin cancer. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31:43–47
  88. Moloney FJ, Comber H, O’Lorcain P, O’Kelly P, Conlon PJ, Murphy GM. A population-based study of skin cancer incidence and prevalence in renal transplant recipients. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154:498–504
  89. Bastiaannet E, Homan-van der Heide JJ, Ploeg RJ, Hoekstra HJ. No increase of melanoma after kidney transplantation in the northern part of The Netherlands. Melanoma Res. 2007;17:349–353
  90. Kasiske BL, Danpanich E. Malignancies in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 2000;32:1499–1500
  91. Hollenbeak CS, Todd MM, Billingsley EM, Harper G, Dyer AM, Lengerich EJ. Increased incidence of melanoma in renal transplantation recipients. Cancer. 2005;104:1962–1967
  92. Burgi A, Brodine S, Wegner S, et al. Incidence and risk factors for the occurrence of non-AIDS-defining cancers among human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Cancer. 2005;104:1505–1511
  93. Dong C, Hemminki K. Second primary neoplasms among 53 159 haematolymphoproliferative malignancy patients in Sweden, 1958–1996: a search for common mechanisms. Br J Cancer. 2001;85:997–1005
  94. Hanrahan PF, Hersey P, D’Este CA. Factors involved in presentation of older people with thick melanoma. Med J Aust. 1998;169:410–414
  95. Jemal A, Devesa SS, Fears TR, Hartge P. Cancer surveillance series: changing patterns of cutaneous malignant melanoma mortality rates among whites in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:811–818
  96. Van Durme DJ, Ferrante JM, Pal N, Wathington D, Roetzheim RG, Gonzalez EC. Demographic predictors of melanoma stage at diagnosis. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9:606–611
  97. Reyes-Ortiz CA, Goodwin JS, Freeman JL. The effect of socioeconomic factors on incidence, stage at diagnosis and survival of cutaneous melanoma. Med Sci Monitor. 2005;11:RA163–RA172
  98. Cormier JN, Xing Y, Ding M, et al. Ethnic differences among patients with cutaneous melanoma. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1907–1914
  99. Montella M, Crispo A, Grimaldi M, et al. An assessment of factors related to tumor thickness and delay in diagnosis of melanoma in southern Italy. Prev Med. 2002;35:271–277
  100. Roetzheim RG, Pal N, Tennant C, et al. Effects of health insurance and race on early detection of cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91:1409–1415
  101. Saraiya M, Hall HI, Thompson T, et al. Skin cancer screening among U.S. adults from 1992, 1998, and 2000 National Health Interview Surveys. Prev Med. 2004;39:308–314
  102. Roetzheim RG, Pal N, van Durme DJ, et al. Increasing supplies of dermatologists and family physicians are associated with earlier stage of melanoma detection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43:211–218
  103. Eiser JR, Pendry L, Greaves CJ, Melia J, Harland C, Moss S. Is targeted early detection for melanoma feasible? Self assessments of risk and attitudes to screening. J Med Screen. 2000;7:199–202
  104. Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Massachusetts Behavioral Risk Factor Survey, 2002. [cited 2008 Apr 17]. Available from: http://www.mass.gov/Eeohhs2/docs/dph/behavioral_risk/survey_02.pdf.
  105. Schwartz JL, Wang TS, Hamilton TA, Lowe L, Sondak VK, Johnson TM. Thin primary cutaneous melanomas: associated detection patterns, lesion characteristics, and patient characteristics. Cancer. 2002;95:1562–1568
  106. Brady MS, Oliveria SA, Christos PJ, et al. Patterns of detection in patients with cutaneous melanoma. Cancer. 2000;89:342–347
  107. Epstein DS, Lange JR, Gruber SB, Mofid M, Koch SE. Is physician detection associated with thinner melanomas?. JAMA. 1999;281:640–643
  108. Carli P, De Giorgi V, Palli D, et al. Dermatologist detection and skin self-examination are associated with thinner melanomas: results from a survey of the Italian Multidisciplinary Group on Melanoma. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:607–612
  109. Fisher NM, Schaffer JV, Berwick M, Bolognia JL. Breslow depth of cutaneous melanoma: impact of factors related to surveillance of the skin, including prior skin biopsies and family history of melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53:393–406
  110. Federman DG, Kraveta , Kirsner RS. Skin cancer screening by dermatologists: prevalence and barriers. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46:710–714
  111. Federman DG, Kravetz JD, Tobin DG, Ma F, Kirsner RS. Full-body skin examinations: the patient’s perspective. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140:530–534
  112. Girgis A, Clarke P, Burton RC, Sanson-Fisher RW. Screening for melanoma by primary health care physicians: a cost-effectiveness analysis. J Med Screen. 1996;3:47–53
  113. Gerbert B, Bronstone A, Maurer T, et al. The effectiveness of an internet-based tutorial in improving primary care physicians skin cancer triage skills. J Cancer Educ. 2002;17:7–11
  114. Chen SC, Pennie ML, Kolm P, et al. Diagnosing and managing cutaneous pigmented lesions: primary care physicians versus dermatologists. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21:678–682
  115. Gerbert B, Bronstone A, Wolff M, et al. Improving primary care residents’ proficiency in the diagnosis of skin cancer. J Gen Intern Med. 1998;13:91–97
  116. Oliveria SA, Christos PJ, Marghoob AA, Halpern AC. Skin cancer screening and prevention in the primary care setting: national ambulatory medical care survey 1997. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:297–301
  117. Mackie RM. Effect of public education aimed at early diagnosis of malignant melanoma: cohort comparison study. BMJ. 2003;326:367
  118. Carli P, Nardini P, Crocetti E, De Giorgi V, Giannotti B. Frequency and characteristics of melanomas missed at a pigmented lesion clinic: a registry-based study. Melanoma Res. 2004;14:403–407
  119. Weinstock MA. Early detection of melanoma. JAMA. 2000;284:886–889
  120. Aitken JF, Janda M, Lowe JB, Elwood M, Ring IT, Youl PH, et al. Prevalence of whole-body skin self-examination in a population at high risk for skin cancer (Australia). Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15:453–463
  121. Phelan DL, Oliveria SA, Christos PJ, Dusza SW, Halpern AC. Skin self-examination in patients at high risk for melanoma: a pilot study. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2003;30:1029–1036
  122. Weinstock MA, Risica PM, Martin RA, et al. Reliability of assessment and circumstances of performance of thorough skin self-examination for the early detection of melanoma in the Check-it-Out Project. Prev Med. 2004;38:761–765
  123. Arnold MR, DeJong W. Skin self-examination practices in a convenience sample of US university students. Prev Med. 2005;40:268–273
  124. Weinstock MA, Martin RA, Risica PM, et al. Thorough skin examination for the early detection of melanoma. Am J Prev Med. 1999;17:169–175
  125. Oliveria SA, Christos PJ, Halpern AC, Fine JA, Barnhill RL, Berwick M. Evaluation of factors associated with skin self-examination. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999;8:971–978
  126. Robinson JK, Fisher SG, Turrisi RJ. Predictors of skin self-examination performance. Cancer. 2002;95:135–146
  127. Weinstock MA, Nguyen FQ, Martin RA. Enhancing skin self-examination with imaging: evaluation of a mole-mapping program. J Cutan Med Surg. 2004;8:1–5
  128. Phelan DL, Oliveria SA, Halpern AC. Patient experiences with photo books in monthly skin self-examinations. Dermatol Nurs. 2005;17:109–114
  129. Robinson JK, Turrisi R, Stapleton J. Examination of mediating variables in a partner assistance intervention designed to increase performance of skin self-examination. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56:391–397
  130. Gachon J, Beaulieu P, Sei JF, et al. First prospective study of the recognition process of melanoma in dermatological practice. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:434–438
  131. Rigel DS, Friedman RJ, Kopf AW, Polsky D. ABCDE—an evolving concept in the early detection of melanoma. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:1032–1034
  132. Weinstock MA. Cutaneous melanoma: public health approach to early detection. Dermatol Ther. 2006;19:26–31
  133. Grob JJ, Bonerandi JJ. The ‘ugly duckling’ sign. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:103–104
  134. Oliveria SA, Sachs D, Belasco KT, Halpern AC. Adoption of new technologies for early detection of melanoma in dermatologic practice. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49:955–959
  135. Malvehy J, Puig S, Argenziano G, Marghoob AA, Soyer HP. International Dermoscopy Society Board members. Dermoscopy report: proposal for standardization. Results of a consensus meeting of the International Dermoscopy Society. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:84–95
  136. Carli P, De Giorgi V, Massi D, Giannotti B. The role of pattern analysis and the ABCD rule of dermoscopy in the detection of histological atypia in melanocytic naevi. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:290–297
  137. Menzies SW, Ingvar C, Crotty KA, McCarthy WH. Frequency and morphologic characteristics of invasive melanomas lacking specific surface microscopic features. Arch Dermatol. 1996;132:1178–1182
  138. Kittler H, Pehamberger H, Wolff K, Binder M. Diagnostic accuracy of dermoscopy. Lancet Oncol. 2002;3:159–165
  139. Carli P, de Giorgi V, Chiarugi A, et al. Addition of dermoscopy to conventional naked-eye examination in melanoma screening: a randomized study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50:683–689
  140. Feit NE, Dusza SW, Marghoob AA. Melanomas detected with the aid of total cutaneous photography. Br J Dermatol. 2004;150:706–714
  141. Lucas CR, Sanders LL, Murray JC, Myers SA, Hall RP, Grichnik JM. Early melanoma detection: nonuniform dermascopic features and growth. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48:663–671
  142. Wang SQ, Kopf AW, Koenig K, Polsky D, Nudel K, Bart RS. Detection of melanomas in patients followed up with total cutaneous examinations, total cutaneous photography, and dermoscopy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50:15–20
  143. Banky JP, Kelly JW, English DR, Yeatman JM, Dowling JP. Incidence of new and changed nevi and melanomas detected using baseline images and dermoscopy in patients at high risk for melanoma. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:998–1006
  144. Menzies SW. Cutaneous melanoma: making a clinical diagnosis, present and future. Dermatol Ther. 2006;19:32–39
  145. Menzies SW, Gutenev A, Avramidis M, Batrac A, McCarthy WH. Short-term digital surface microscopic monitoring of atypical or changing melanocytic lesions. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:1583–1589
  146. Kittler H, Guitera P, Riedl E, et al. Identification of clinically featureless incipient melanoma using sequential dermoscopy imaging. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142:1113–1119
  147. Haenssle HA, Vente C, Bertsch HP, et al. Results of a surveillance program for patients at high risk of malignant melanoma using digital and conventional dermoscopy. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2004;13:133–138
  148. Blum A, Luedtke H, Ellwanger U, Schwabe R, Rassner G, Garbe C. Digital image analysis for diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma. Development of a highly effective computer algorithm based on analysis of 837 melanocytic lesions. Br J Dermatol. 2004;151:1029–1038
  149. Piccolo D, Smolle J, Argenziano G, et al. Teledermoscopy-results of a multicentre study on 43 pigmented skin lesions. J Telemed Telecare. 2000;6:132–137
  150. Carli P, Chiarugi A, De Giorgi V. Examination of lesions (including dermoscopy) without contact with the patient is associated with improper management in about 30% of equivocal melanomas. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31:169–172
  151. Pellacani G, Guitera P, Longo C, Avramidis M, Seidenari S, Menzies S. The impact of in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy for the diagnostic accuracy of melanoma and equivocal melanocytic lesions. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127:2759–2765
  152. Scope A, Benvenuto-Andrade C, Agero AL, et al. In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy imaging of melanocytic skin lesions: consensus terminology glossary and illustrative images. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:644–658
  153. Elbaum M, Kopf AW, Rabinovitz HS, et al. Automatic differentiation of melanoma from melanocytic nevi with multispectral digital dermoscopy: a feasibility study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:207–218
  154. Ono I, Kaneko F. Magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosing skin tumors. Clin Dermatol. 1995;13:393–399
  155. Welzel J, Lankenau E, Birngruber R, Engelhardt R. Optical coherence tomography of the human skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37:958–963

PII: S0738-081X(08)00179-X

doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2008.09.002

Clinics in Dermatology
Volume 27, Issue 1 , Pages 10-25 , January 2009