« Previous
Next »
Clinics in Dermatology
Volume 24, Issue 6
, Pages 509-520
, November 2006
Diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of erythema migrans and Lyme arthritis
References
- Lyme arthritis: an epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three Connecticut communities. Arthritis Rheum. 1977;20:7–17
- Ecology of Ixodes dammini–borne human babesiosis and Lyme disease. Annu Rev Entomol. 1985;30:439–460
- . Lyme disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:115–124
- . Lyme disease—a tick-borne spirochetosis?. Science. 1982;216:1317–1319
- The spirochetal etiology of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:733–740
- Two controlled trials of antibiotic treatment in patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:85–92
- Practice guidelines for the treatment of Lyme disease: the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31(Suppl 1):1–14
- Intralaboratory reliability of serologic and urine testing for Lyme disease. Am J Med. 2001;110:217–219
- . Erythema migrans: a chronicle. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11:142–150
- . Erythema chronicum migrans Afzelius with meningitis. South Med J. 1950;43:330–334
- . Erythema chronicum migrans. Arch Dermatol. 1970;102:104–105
- . Erythema chronicum migrans in the United States. JAMA. 1976;236:859–860
- . Dermatologic manifestations of Lyme disease. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;2:51475–51481
- . Diagnosis of Lyme disease based on dermatologic manifestations. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:490–498
- Vaccination against Lyme disease with recombinant. Borrelia burgdorferi outer-surface lipoprotein A with adjuvant. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:209–215
- Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of early Lyme disease in patients with microbiologically confirmed erythema migrans. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:421–428
- Duration of tick attachment as a predictor of risk of Lyme disease in an area in which Lyme disease is endemic. J Infect Dis. 1997;175:996–999
- . A prospective study of tick bites in an endemic area for Lyme disease. J Infect Dis. 1989;159:136–139
- A controlled trial of antimicrobial prophylaxis for Lyme disease after deer tick bites. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1769–1773
- . The value of early treatment of deer tick bites for the prevention of Lyme disease. Am J Dis Child. 1993;147:945–947
- Prophylaxis with single dose doxycycline for the prevention of Lyme disease after an Ixodes scapularis tick bite. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:79–84
- . Management of tick bites and early Lyme disease: a survey of Connecticut physician. Pediatrics. 2001;108:1367–1370
- Prospective clinical evaluation of patients from Missouri and New York with erythema migrans–like skin lesions. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:958–965
- . Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from two patients in Michigan. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;19:944–946
- . Pitfalls in the diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease in children. JAMA. 1995;274:66–68
- . Persistence of serum antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in patients treated for Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;15:788–793
- . Serologic tests for Lyme disease. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:761–763
- Coevolution of markers of innate and adaptive immunity in skin and peripheral blood of patients with erythema migrans. J Immunol. 2003;171:2660–2670
- Notice to readers: caution regarding testing for Lyme disease. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54:125
- Amoxicillin plus probenecid versus doxycycline for treatment of erythema migrans borreliosis. Lancet. 1990;336:1404–1406
- Comparison of cefuroxime axetil and doxycycline in the treatment of early Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:273–280
- Azithromycin compared with amoxicillin in the treatment of erythema migrans. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124:785–791
- . The truth about erythema migrans. Arch Deramatol. 1997;133:93–94
- Treatment of the early manifestations of Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med. 1983;99:22–26
- Duration of antibiotic therapy for early Lyme disease. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:697–704
- . Duration of antibiotic therapy for Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:761–762
- . Lyme Disease Study Group. Lyme disease in children in southern Connecticut. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1270–1274
- . Inaccurate information about Lyme disease on the internet and reply Feder HM Jr. Ped Infect Dis J. 2005;24:577–579
- . Differences are voiced by two “Lyme camps” at a Connecticut public hearing on insurance coverage of Lyme disease. Pediatrics. 2000;105:855–857
- . Inaccurate information about Lyme disease on the Internet. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23:1105–1108
- . Early and late cutaneous manifestations in Ixodes-borne borreliosis (erythema migrans borreliosis, Lyme borreliosis). Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;539:4–15
- . Demographic features, clinical characteristics and laboratory findings in children with multiple erythema migrans lesions in Slovenia. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2001;113:98–101
- Solitary borrelial lymphocytoma: report of 36 cases. Infection. 1992;20:201–206
- . The spirochetal etiology of lymphadenosis benigna cutis solitaria. Acta Derm Venereol. 1986;66:479–484
- . European erythema migrans disease and related disorders. Yale J Biol Med. 1984;57:463–471
- . Infectious diseases that affect the skin and joints: Lyme disease. In: Sontheimer RD, Provost TT editor. Cutaneous manifestations of rheumatic diseases. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1996;p. 294–298
- . Clinical pathologic correlations of Lyme disease by stage. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1988;539:65–79
- . Cutaneous manifestations of Lyme borreliosis. Clinical definitions and differential diagnoses. Scand J Infect Dis. 1991;(Suppl 77):44–50
- . Cutaneous fibroses induced by Borrelia burgdorferi. Br J Dermatol. 1993;128:674–678
- . Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans with antecedent Lyme disease in a Californian. A case report. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg. 1986;263:262–265
- . Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. Int J Dermatol. 1979;18:595–601
- . Peripheral neuropathy in acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans—a late Borrelia manifestation. Acta Neurol Scand. 1997;95:338–345
- . Anetoderma: another facet of Lyme disease?. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48:S86–S88
- . Identification of Borrelia burgdorferi in diffuse fasciitis with peripheral eosinophilia: borrelial fasciitis. JAMA. 1994;272:1283–1285
- Polymerase chain reaction of Borrelia burgdorferi flagellin gene in Shulman syndrome. Dermatology. 1996;192:136–139
- . Eosinophilic fasciits (Shulman syndrome). Dermatology. 2002;205:204–206
- . Progressive facial hemiatrophy (Parry-Romberg syndrome) and borreliosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;22:531–533
- . Parry-Romberg syndrome: a possible association with borreliosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2004;18:204–207
- . Neuroborreliosis in morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988;19:820–825
- Lymphoproliferative responses to Borrelia burgdorferi in circumscribed scleroderma. Br J Dermatol. 1996;134:285–291
- . No evidence for Borrelia burgdorferi infection in lesions of morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in Spain. A prospective study and literature review. Acta Derm Venereol. 1997;77:299–304
- No evidence for a spirochetal origin of localized scleroderma. Br J Dermatol. 1992;127:218–220
- . Further evidence for Borrelia burgdorferi infection in morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus confirmed by DNA amplification. J Invest Dermatol. 1993;100:717–720
- Moprhoea is neither associated with features of Borrelia burgdorferi infection, nor is this agent detectable in lesion skin by polymerase chain reaction. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:780–785
- . Localized scleroderma (morphea) and antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;17:455–458
- . The absence of antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi in the sera of Japanese patients with localized scleroderma. J Rheumatol. 1996;23:573–574
- . Evidence for Borrelia burgdorferi in morphea and lichen sclerosus. Int J Dermatol. 2000;39:278
- . Benign lymphocytic infiltration (Jessner-Kanof): another manifestation of borreliosis?. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;21:795–797
- . Benign cutaneous lymphoid infiltrates. J Cutan Pathol. 1985;12:442–452
- Absence of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in cutaneous B-cell lymphomas from the United States. J Cutan Pathol. 2001;28:502–507
- . Borrelia burgdorferi–associated cutaneous B-cell lymphoma: clinical and immunohistologic characterization of four cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;24:584–590
- . Infection by Borrelia burgdorferi and cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. J Cutan Pathol. 1997;24:457–461
- . B-cell lymphoma associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection in the United States. Mod Pathol. 2000;13:147
- . Classification, geographic variations, and epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis. Clin Dermatol. 1993;11:353–357
- . Catching the bug: how scientists found the cause of Lyme disease. Conn Med. 1989;53:357–364
- . Orbital myositis with Lyme disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990;110:98
- . The clinical evolution of Lyme arthritis. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:726–731
- . Lyme arthritis in children: clinical epidemiology and long-term outcomes. Pediatrics. 1998;102:905–908
- Erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis. The enlarging clinical spectrum. Ann Intern Med. 1977;86:685–698
- . Lyme disease—a pediatric perspective. J Rheumatol. 1992;19(S34):1–13
- . The long-term course of Lyme arthritis in children. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:159–163
- . Lyme arthritis in children and adolescents: outcome 12 months after initiation of antibiotic therapy. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:2025–2030
- . Autoimmune mechanisms in antibiotic treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis. J Autoimmun. 2001;16:2263–2268
- Identification of LFA-1 as a candidate autoantigen in treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis. Science. 1998;281:703–706
- . Binding of outer surface protein A and human lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 peptides to HLA-DR molecules associated with antibiotic treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:534–540
- . Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA by polymerase chain reaction in synovial fluid from patients with Lyme arthritis. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:229–234
- Lack of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in synovial samples in patients with antibiotic treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:2705–2709
- Multiple cross-reactive self ligands for Borrelia burgdorferi–specific HLA-DR4 restricted T cells. Eur J Immunol. 2000;30:448–457
- . Diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005;18:484–509
- . Microbiological diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Acta Dermatoven APA. 2001;10:4
- Insights from a novel three-dimensional in vitro model of Lyme arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;44:151–162
- Lyme arthritis. Spirochetes found in synovial microangiopathic lesions. Am J Pathol. 1985;118:26–34
- . Persistent synovitis in children with Lyme arthritis: two unusual cases. An immunogenetic approach. Eur J Pediatr. 2004;163:646–650
- Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi by DNA amplification in synovial tissue samples from patients with Lyme arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39:736–745
- . Chronic arthritis of the knee in Lyme disease. Review of the literature and report of two cases treated by synovectomy. J Bone Joint Surg. 1986;68A:1057–1061
- . Treatment of refractory chronic Lyme arthritis with arthroscopic synovectomy. Arthrits Rheum. 1991;34:1056–1060
- . Radiosynovectomy for recurrent Lyme arthropathy. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;F104–F598
- . PCR-based quantification of Borrelia burgdorferi organisms in canine tissues over a 500 day postinfection period. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:2191–2199
- . Antibody-resistant mutants of Borrelia burgdorferi: in vitro selection and characterization. J Exp Med. 1992;176:799–809
- Patients with antibiotic resistant Lyme arthritis have elevated synovial levels of TNF alpha. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;S172
- Borrelia burgdorferi myositis: report of eight patients. J Neurol. 1993;240:278–283
- . Lyme myositis: muscle invasion by Borrelia burgdorferi. Ann Intern Med. 1988;109:245–246
- Dermatomyositis associated with Lyme disease: case report and review of Lyme myositis. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;18:166–171
- Practice guidelines for the treatment of Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31(Suppl):S1–S14
- . Persisting complaints attributed to chronic Lyme disease: possible mechanisms and implications for management. Am J Med. 1994;96:365–374
- . Lyme disease associated with fibromyalgia. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:281–285
- . Misconceptions about Lyme disease: confusions hiding behind ill-chosen terminology. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:413–419
- Two controlled trials of antibiotic treatment in patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:85–92
- Cognitive function in post-treatment Lyme disease: do additional antibiotics help?. Neurology. 2003;60:1916–1922
- Study and treatment of post Lyme disease (STOP-LD). A randomized double masked clinical trial. Neurology. 2003;60:1923–1930
- . Posttreatment chronic Lyme disease—what it is not. J Infect Dis. 2005;192:948–949
- . Treating post Lyme disease: trying to solve one equation with too many unknowns. Neurology. 2003;60:1888–1889
PII: S0738-081X(06)00105-2
doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.07.012
© 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
Clinics in Dermatology
Volume 24, Issue 6
, Pages 509-520
, November 2006
