« Previous
Next »
Clinics in Dermatology
Volume 24, Issue 4
, Pages 289-298
, July 2006
Dermatology of androgen-related disorders
References
- . The importance of diagnosing the polycystic ovary syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:989–993
- Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected black and white women of the southeastern United States: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:3078–3082
- Familial hyperthecosis: comparison of endocrinologic and histologic findings with polycystic ovarian disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1973;117:976–982
- . The physiology and pathology of the female reproductive system. In: Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM, Melmed S, Polonsky KS editor. Williams textbook of endocrinology. 10th ed.. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2002;p. 587–664
- Androgen excess in women: experience with over 1000 consecutive patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:453–462
- . Metformin or antiandrogen in the treatment of hirsutism in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:4116–4123
- . Acne and hirsutism in polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical, endocrine-metabolic and ultrasonographic differences. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2002;16:275–284
- . An update of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1038:14–43
- . Puberty in the female and its disorders. In: Sperling MA editors. Pediatric endocrinology. 2nd ed.. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2002;p. 455–518
- . Endocrinology. In: Zitelli BJ, Davis HW editor. Atlas of pediatric physical diagnosis. 4th ed.. Philadelphia: Mosby; 2002;p. 315–336
- . Reexamination of the age limit for defining when puberty is precocious in girls in the United States: implications for evaluation and treatment. Drug and therapeutics and executive committees of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society. Pediatrics. 1999;104:936–941
- . Benign premature adrenarche: clinical features and serum steroid levels. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1983;72:707–711
- . Follow-up study of adolescent girls with a history of premature pubarche. J Adolesc Health. 1996;18:301–305
- Postpubertal outcome in girls diagnosed of premature pubarche during childhood: increased frequency of functional ovarian hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:1599–1603
- Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1991;626:201–206
- . Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis. Endocr Rev. 1997;18:774–800
- . Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:141–146
- . Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:1929–1935
- . Incidence and treatment of metabolic syndrome in newly referred women with confirmed polycystic ovarian syndrome. Metabolism. 2003;52:908–915
- . Adult polycystic ovary syndrome begins in childhood. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;16:263–272
- . Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1223–1236
- . Idiopathic hirsutism. Endocr Rev. 2000;21:347–362
- . Hirsutism. Lancet. 1997;349:191–195
- . The evaluation and management of hirsutism. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:995–1007
- . Hirsutism and acne in polycystic ovary syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2004;18:737–754
- . Hirsutism. In: Speroff L, Glass RH, Kase NG editor. Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility. 6th ed.. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1999;p. 523–556
- . Clinical assessment of body hair growth in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1961;21:1440–1447
- . Hirsutism: implications, etiology, and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981;140:815–830
- . Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence—a therapeutic conundrum. Hum Reprod. 2004;19:1039–1042
- Most women with acne have polycystic ovaries. Br J Dermatol. 1989;121:675–680
- . Acne: hormonal concepts and therapy. Clin Dermatol. 2004;22:419–428
- . Plasma androgens in women with acne vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol. 1983;81:70–74
- . Elevated free testosterone levels in women with acne. Arch Dermatol. 1983;119:799–802
- . Androgen excess in women with acne. Obstet Gynecol. 1984;64:683–688
- . Hormonal profiles and prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women with acne. J Dermatol. 1997;24:223–229
- . Incidence of increased androgen levels in patients suffering from acne. Dermatology (Switzerland). 1998;196:53–54
- The role of androgens in determining acne severity in adult women. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:399–404
- . Cutaneous androgen metabolism: basic research and clinical perspectives. J Invest Dermatol. 2002;119:992–1007
- . Association of acanthosis nigricans with insulin resistance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Br J Dermatol. 1995;132:936–941
- . Genes, growth factors and acanthosis nigricans. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:1096–1101
- . Excess insulin binding to insulin-like growth factor receptors: proposed mechanism for acanthosis nigricans. J Invest Dermatol. 1992;98(Suppl):82S–85S
- . Metabolic importance of acanthosis nigricans. Arch Dermatol. 1985;121:193–194
- . Cutaneous insulin reaction resembling acanthosis nigricans. Arch Dermatol. 1986;122:1054–1056
- . A peculiar cutaneous reaction to repeated injections of insulin. JAMA. 1969;209:934–935
- . Monoclonal antibody to the type I insulin–like growth factor (IGF-I) receptor blocks IGF-I receptor–mediated DNA synthesis: clarification of the mitogenic mechanisms of IGF-I and insulin in human skin fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986;83:664–668
- . Insulin binding properties of normal and transformed human epidermal cultured keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 1985;85:328–332
- Prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with androgenic alopecia. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;149:439–442
- . The prevalence of hyperandrogenism in 109 consecutive female patients with diffuse alopecia. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988;19:831–836
- . Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:853–861
- . Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: towards a rational approach. In: Dunaif A, Givens JR, Haseltine FP, Merriam GR editor. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Boston: Blackwell Scientific; 1992;p. 377–384
- . Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2004;81:19–25
- . A fasting glucose to insulin ratio is a useful measure of insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:2694–2698
- . The effect of 2 combined oral contraceptives containing either drospirenone or cyproterone acetate on acne and seborrhea. Cutis. 2002;69(Suppl):2–15
- . Effects of two antiandrogen treatments on hirsutism and insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. 1998;13:2706–2711
- Comparison of efficacy of spironolactone with metformin in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome: an open-labeled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:2756–2762
- . Spironolactone as a single agent for long-term therapy of hirsute patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2000;52:587–594
- Flutamide in the treatment of hirsutism: long-term clinical effects, endocrine changes, and androgen receptor behavior. Fertil Steril. 1995;64:511–517
- . Fatal and nonfatal hepatotoxicity associated with flutamide. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:860–864
- . The effect of metformin on hirsutism in polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002;147:217–221
- Metformin effects on clinical features, endocrine and metabolic profiles, and insulin sensitivity in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 6-month trial, followed by open, long-term clinical evaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:139–146
- Selective effects of pioglitazone on insulin and androgen abnormalities in normo- and hyperinsulinaemic obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2003;18:1210–1218
- Low-dose flutamide-metformin therapy reverses insulin resistance and reduces fat mass in nonobese adolescents with ovarian hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:2600–2606
- . Ethinylestradiol-drospirenone, flutamide-metformin, or both for adolescents and women with hyperinsulinemic hyperandrogenism: opposite effects on adipocytokines and body adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1592–1597
- . Flutamide-metformin plus ethinylestradiol-drospirenone for lipolysis and antiatherogenesis in young women with ovarian hyperandrogenism: the key role of metformin at the start and after more than one year of therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:39–43
- Clinical and hormonal characteristics of obese amenorrheic hyperandrogenic women before and after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;68:173–179
- . Acanthosis nigricans associated with insulin resistance: pathophysiology and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2004;5:199–203
- A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 5% and 2% topical minoxidil solutions in the treatment of female pattern hair loss. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50:541–553
- . Androgenetic alopecia in the female. Treatment with 2% topical minoxidil solution. Arch Dermatol. 1994;130:303–307
☆ Supported in part by NIH Grants DA14041-03 (PAE) and K24HD40237 (JEN).
PII: S0738-081X(06)00046-0
doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.04.004
© 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
Clinics in Dermatology
Volume 24, Issue 4
, Pages 289-298
, July 2006
