Clinics in Dermatology
Volume 24, Issue 3 , Pages 181-190 , May 2006

Endemic treponematosis: review and update

References 

  1. Opitz B, Schroder NW, Spreitzer I, et al. Toll-like receptor–2 mediates Treponema glycolipid and lipoteichoic acid–induced NF-kappaB translocation. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:22041–22047
  2. Hashimoto M, Asai Y, Ogawa T. Treponemal phospholipids inhibit innate immune responses induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:44205–44213
  3. Strungell R, Cockayne A, Penn CW. Molecular and antigenic analysis of treponemes. Crit Rev Microbiol. 1990;17:231–250
  4. Musher DM. Treponemes: microbiology. In:  Gorbach SL,  Barlett SG,  Blacklow NR editor. Infectious diseases. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1992;p. 1596–1599
  5. Schmid GP. Epidemiology and clinical similarities of human spirochetal diseases. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11:S1460–S1468
  6. Baseman JB, Hayes EC. Molecular characterization of receptor binding proteins and immunogens of virulent Treponema pallidum. J Exp Med. 1980;151:573–586
  7. Lee SM, Yoo SY, Kim HS, et al. Prevalence of putative periodontopathogens in subgingival dental plaques from gingivitis lesions in Korean orthodontic patients. J Microbiol. 2005;43:260–265
  8. Wilford JN. Clues etched in bone debunk theory of plague's spread. N Y Times. 1992;B5–B7
  9. Morton RS, Rashid S. “The syphilis enigma”: the riddle resolved?. Sex Transm Infect. 2001;77:322–324
  10. Rothschild BM. History of syphilis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1454–1463
  11. Castellani A. On the presence of spirochaetes in 2 cases of ulcerated parangi (yaws). BMJ. 1905;2:1280
  12. Pardo-Castello V, Ferrer I. Pinta. Arch Dermatol Syphilol. 1942;45:843–864
  13. Hudson EH. Treponematosis in perspective. Bull WHO. 1965;32:735–748
  14. Noordhoek GT, Hermans PWM, Paul AN, et al. Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum (Nichols) and Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue (CDC 2575) differ in at least one nucleotide: comparison of two homologous antigens. Microb Pathog. 1989;6:29–42
  15. Centurion-Lara A, Castro C, Castillo R, et al. The flanking region sequences of the 15-kDa lipoprotein gene differentiate pathogenic treponemes. J Infect Dis. 1998;17:1036–1040
  16. Wicher K, Wicher V, Abbruscato F, Baughn R. Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue displays pathogenic properties different from those of T. palliudum subsp. pallidum. Infect Immun. 2000;68:3219–3225
  17. Cameron CE, Castro C, Lukehart SA, et al. Sequence conservation of glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase among Treponema pallidum strains. Infect Immun. 1999;67:3168–3170
  18. Cameron CE, Castro C, Lukehart SA, et al. Opsonic potential, protective capacity, and sequence conservation of the Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum Tp92. J Infect Dis. 2000;181:1401–1413
  19. Centurion-Lara A, Sun LK, Barrett C, et al. Multiple alleles of Treponema pallidum Repeat Gene D in Treponema pallidum isolates. J Bacteriol. 2000;182:2332–2335
  20. Stamm LV, Greene SR, Bergen HL, et al. Identification and sequence analysis of Treponema pallidum TprJ, a member of a polymorphic multigene family. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1998;169:163–166
  21. Antal GM, Lukehart SA, Meheus AZ. The endemic treponematoses. Microbiol Infect. 2002;4:83–94
  22. Nagreh DS. Yaws. Cutis. 1986;38:303–305
  23. Nagreh DS. Yaws in Penang. In: Presented at: Sixteenth International Congress of Dermatology, Tokyo. 1982;
  24. Burke JP, Hopkins DR, Hume JC, et al. International symposium on yaws and other endemic treponematoses. Rev Infect Dis. 1985;7:S218–S219
  25. International work in endemic treponematoses and venereal infections, 1948-1963. In: World Health Organization Chronicle. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 1964;p. 403–407
  26. Martin PMV, Gonzalez JP, Martin MH, et al. Clinical aspects and usefulness of indirect absorbed immunofluorescence for diagnosis of yaws in Central Africa. J Clin Microbiol. 1988;26:2432–2433
  27. Guederian RH, Guzman JR, Calvopina M, et al. Studies on a focus of yaws in the Santiago Basin, province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Trop Geogr Med. 1991;43:142–147
  28. Tharmaphornpilas P, Srivanichakorn S, Phraesrisakul N. Recurrence of yaws outbreak in Thailand, 1990. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1994;25:152–156
  29. deNoray G, Capuano C, Abel M. Campaign to eradicate yaws on Santo Island, Vanuatu in 2001, [Article in French] Med Trop (Mars). 2003;63:159–162
  30. Manning LA, Ogle GD. Yaws in the periurban settlements of Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. P N G Med J. 2002;45:206–212
  31. Scolnik D, Aronson L, Lovinsky R, et al. Efficacy of a targeted, oral-penicillin–based yaws control program among children living in rural south America. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:1232–1238
  32. Perine PL, Hopkins DR, Niemel PLA, et al. Yaws, endemic syphilis and pinta. In: Handbook of endemic treponematoses. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1984;p. 1–53
  33. Powell A. Framboesia: history of its introduction into India with personal observation over 200 initial lesions. Proc R Soc Med. 1923;16:415–421
  34. Seghal VN. Leg ulcers caused by yaws and endemic syphilis. Clin Dermatol. 1990;8:166–174
  35. Gip LS. Yaws revisited. Med J Malaysia. 1989;44:307–311
  36. Engelkens HJH, Ginai AZ, Judanarso J, et al. Radiological and dermatological findings in two patients suffering from early yaws in Indonesia. Genitourin Med. 1990;66:259–263
  37. Vanhournout I, Quinet B, Neuenschwander S. Pediatric yaws osteoperiostitis. Pediatr Rev. 1991;21:303
  38. El Tonsy MH, Gaffoor PM, Benhawi M, et al. Late yaws: a case report. Sex Transm Dis. 1982;9:205–207
  39. Whittet HB, Quiney RE. Nasal manifestations of yaws. J Laryngol Otol. 1988;102:1147–1149
  40. Elango S, Palaniappan SP. Nasal manifestations of yaws. Ear Nose Throat J. 1989;68:870–875
  41. Martinez SA, Mouney DF. Treponemal infections of the head and neck. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1982;27:220–223
  42. Browne SG. Yaws. Int J Dermatol. 1982;15:613–620
  43. Smith JL, David NJ, Indgin S, et al. Neuro-ophthalmological study of late yaws and pinta II. The Caracas Project. Br J Vener Dis. 1971;47:226–227
  44. Mohammed KN. Late yaws and optic atrophy. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1990;84:637–639
  45. Roman GC, Roman LN. Occurrences of congenital, cardiovascular, visceral, neurologic, and neuro-ophthalmologic complications of late yaws: a theme for future research. Rev Infect Dis. 1986;8:760–770
  46. Vorst FA. Clinical diagnoses and changing manifestations of treponemal infection. Rev Infect Dis. 1985;7:S327–S331
  47. Niemel PLA, Brunings EA, Menke HE. Attenuated yaws in Surinam. Br J Vener Dis. 1979;1:912
  48. Anonymous . Yaws or syphilis?. BMJ. 1979;1:912
  49. Green CA, Harman RR. Yaws truly—a survey of patients indexed under ‘yaws’ and a review of the clinical and laboratory problems of diagnosis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1986;11:41–48
  50. Engelkens HJH, Judanarso J, Oranje AP, et al. Endemic treponematoses: Part I. Yaws. Int J Dermatol. 1991;30:77–83
  51. Kanan MW, Abbas M, Girgis HY. Late mutilating bejel in the nomadic Bedouins of Kuwait. Dermatologica. 1971;143:277–286
  52. Willcox RR. Evolutionary cycle of the treponematoses. Br J Vener Dis. 1960;36:78–90
  53. Meheus A, De Schryver A. Les treponematoses endemiques: un danger resurgissant. Ann Soc Belge Med Trop. 1988;68:281–284
  54. Chabasse D, Roure C, Rhaly AA, et al. Evaluation de l'etat sanitaire des polulations nomads et semi-nomades du gourma-mali-approche epidemiologique. Med Trop (Mars). 1983;43:127–135
  55. Bourdillon PF, Monjour L, Druilhe P, et al. La syphilis endemique en Haute-Volta: un aspect particulier du profil epidemiologique. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 1981;74:375–381
  56. Gazin P, Meynard D. A clinical and serologic survey of bejel in north Burkina Faso, [Article in French] Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1988;81:827–831
  57. Meheus A, Antal GM. The endemic treponematoses: not yet eradicated. World Health Stat Q. 1992;45:228–237
  58. Pace JL, Csonka GW. Late endemic syphilis: case report of bejel with gummatous laryngitis. Genitourin Med. 1988;64:202–204
  59. Pace JL, Csonka GW. Endemic non-venereal syphilis (bejel) in Saudi Arabia. Br J Vener Dis. 1984;60:293–297
  60. Yakinci C, Ozcan A, Aslan T, et al. Bejel in Malatya, Turkey. J Trop Pediatr. 1995;41:117–120
  61. Julvez J, Michault A, Kerdelhue V. Serologic studies of non-venereal treponematoses in infants in Naimey, Niger, [Article in French] Med Trop (Mars). 1998;58:38–40
  62. Arslanagic N, Bokonjic M, Macanovic K. Eradication of endemic syphilis in Bosnia. Genitourin Med. 1989;65:4–7
  63. Csonka GW, Pace JL. Endemic nonvenereal treponematosis (bejel) in Saudi Arabia. Rev Infect Dis. 1985;7:S260–S265
  64. Pace JL. Treponematoses in Arabia. Saudi Med J. 1983;4:211–220
  65. Grin EI. Epidemiology and control of endemic syphilis. Monogr Ser World Health Organ. 1953;11:1–84
  66. Chowdhurry NH, Jamjoom GA, Pareek SS, et al. Incidence of treponemal infection. Saudi Med J. 1982;3:31–34
  67. Sosa-Martinez J, Peralta S. An epidemiologic study of pinta in Mexico. Am J Trop Med. 1952;10:556–565
  68. Marquez F, Rein CR, Arias O. Mal de pinto in Mexico. Bull Org Mond Sante; Bull Wld Hlth Org. 1955;13:299–322
  69. Fuchs J, Milbradt R, Pecher SA. Tertiary pinta: case reports and overview. Cutis. 1993;51:425–430
  70. Edmundson WF, Demis DJ, Bejarino G. A clinico-serologic study of pinta in the Alto Beni Region, Bolivia. Dermatol Int. 1967;6:64–76
  71. Hopkins DR, Florez D. Pinta, yaws, and venereal syphilis in Columbia. Int J Epidemiol. 1977;6:349–355
  72. Pecher SA. Immunologia da pinta terciaria. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am. 1988;16:111–114
  73. Fohn MJ, Wignall S, Baker-Zander SA, et al. Specificity of antibodies from patients with pinta for antigens of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. J Infect Dis. 1988;157:32–37
  74. Kuhn USG, Varela G, Chandler FW, et al. Experimental pinta in the chimpanzee. JAMA. 1968;206:829
  75. Chandler FW, Kauffman AF, Kuhn USG. The histopathology of experimental pinta in the chimpanzee. J Invest Dermatol. 1972;58:103–108
  76. Engelkens HJ, Vuzevski VD, Stolz E. Nonvenereal treponematoses in tropical countries. Clin Dermatol. 1999;17:143–152
  77. Leon y Blanco F. La lesion inicial del mal fel pinta. Rev Med Trop Parasitol Bacteriol Clin Lab. 1940;6:21
  78. Williams HU. Pathology of yaws especially the relation of yaws to syphilis. Arch Pathol. 1935;20:596–630
  79. Hasselman CM. Comparative species on the histopathology of syphilis, yaws, and pinta. Br J Vener Dis. 1970;46:349–378
  80. Englekens HJH, Vuzevski VD, Judanarso J, et al. Early yaws: a light microscopic study. Genitourin Med. 1990;66:264–266
  81. Englekens HJH, ten Kate FJ, Judanarso J, et al. The localization of treponemes and characterization of the inflammatory infiltrate in skin biopsies from patients with primary or secondary syphilis, early infectious yaws. Genitourin Med. 1993;69:102–107
  82. Lever WF, Schaumburg-Lever G. Treponemal diseases. In:  Lever WF,  Schaumberg-Lever G editor. Histopathology of the skin. 7th ed.. Philadelphia (Pa): J.B. Lippincott; 1992;p. 352–359
  83. Rodriguez HA, Albores-Saavedra J, Lozano MM, et al. Langerhans' cells in late pina. Arch Pathol. 1971;91:302–306
  84. Backhouse JL, Lee MH, Nesteroff SI, et al. Modified indirect hemagglutination test for detection of treponemal antibodies in finger-prick blood. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30:561–563
  85. Van Dyck E, Meheus A, Piot P. Syphilis. In: Laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1999;p. 36–49
  86. Hudson BJ, Backhouse JL, Tsarke EG. Management of yaws in Papua New Guinea. P N G Med J. 1990;33:59–65
  87. Wilcox RR. Mass treatment campaigns against the endemic treponematoses. Rev Infect Dis. 1985;7:S278–S283
  88. Norgard MV, Miller JN. Plasmid DNA in Treponema pallidum (Nichols): potential for antibiotic resistance by syphilis bacteria. Science. 1981;213:553–555
  89. Stapleton JT, Stamm LV, Bassford PJ. Potential for development of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic treponemes. Rev Infect Dis. 1985;7:S314–S317
  90. Backhouse JL, Hudson BJ, Hamilton PA, et al. Failure of penicillin treatment of yaws on Karkar Island, Papua, New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998;59:388–392
  91. WHO Scientific Group. Treponemal infections, technical report series no. 674. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1982;
  92. Koff AB, Rosen T. Nonvenereal treponematoses: yaws, endemic syphilis and bejel. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;29:519–535
  93. Parish JL. Treponemal infections in the pediatric population. Clin Dermatol. 2000;18:687–700
  94. Rosen T. Treponemal species (nonvenereal). In:  Yu V,  Merigan TC,  Barriere SL editor. Antimicrobial therapy and vaccines. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1999;p. 471–473
  95. Ampofo O, Findlay GM. Aureomycin in the treatment of yaws and tropical ulcer in Africa. Nature. 1950;165:398–399
  96. Loughlin EH, Joseph AA, Duvalier F. Oxytetracycline intramuscular in the treatment of yaws (pian). Antibiot Chemother. 1954;4:155–164
  97. The World Health Report 1998. Life in the 21st century; a vision for all, WHO, Geneva.

PII: S0738-081X(05)00165-3

doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2005.11.004

Clinics in Dermatology
Volume 24, Issue 3 , Pages 181-190 , May 2006